http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Electric bikes and electric scooters http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of chemical compounds, consisting of alkanes, such as methane or ethane, with one or more halogens linked, such as chlorine or fluorine, making them a type of organic halide. They are known under many chemical and commercial names. As flame retardants, fire extinguishants, refrigerants, propellants and solvents they have or had wide use. Some haloalkanes (those containing chlorine or bromine) have been shown to have negative effects on the environment such as ozone depletion. The most widely known family within this group are the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). A haloalkane also known as alkyl halogenide, halogenalkane or halogenoalkane, and alkyl halide is a chemical compound derived from an alkane by substituting one or more hydrogen atoms with halogen atoms. Substitution with fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine results in fluoroalkanes, chloroalkanes, bromoalkanes and iodoalkanes, respectively. Mixed compounds are also possible, the best-known examples being the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which are mainly responsible for ozone depletion. Haloalkanes are used in semiconductor device fabrication, as refrigerants, foam blowing agents, solvents, aerosol spray propellants, fire extinguishing agents, and chemical reagents. Freon is a trade name for a group of chlorofluorocarbons used primarily as a refrigerant. The word Freon is a registered trademark belonging to DuPont. There are 3 types of haloalkanes. In primary (1°) haloalkanes the carbon which carries the halogen atom is only attached to one other alkyl group. However CH3Br is also a primary haloalkane, even though there is no alkyl group. In secondary (2°) haloalkanes the carbon that carries the halogen atom is attached to 2 alkyl groups. In tertiary (3°) haloalkanes the carbon that carries the halogen atom is attached to 3 alkyl groups. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) are compounds containing chlorine, fluorine and carbon only, that is they contain no hydrogen. They were formerly used widely in industry, for example as refrigerants, propellants, and cleaning solvents. Their use has been regularly prohibited by the Montreal Protocol, because of effects on the ozone layer (see ozone depletion). They are also powerful greenhouse gases, in terms of carbon dioxide equivalence (over a time period of one hundred years) between 5000 and 8100 per kg. CFCs have half-lives between 50-100 years, so their presence in the atmosphere and reactivity with ozone is long lived. One CFC molecule typically degrades around 10,000 ozone molecules before its removal, but this number can sometimes be in the millions. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are of a class of haloalkanes where not all hydrogen has been replaced by chlorine or fluorine. They are used primarily as chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) substitutes, as the ozone depleting effects are only about 10% of the CFCs. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) contain no chlorine. They are composed entirely of carbon, hydrogen, and fluorine. They have no known effects at all on the ozone layer. Only compounds containing chlorine and bromine are thought to harm the ozone layer. Fluorine itself is not ozone-toxic. Chlorinated or fluorinated alkenes can be used for polymerization, resulting in polymer haloalkanes with notable chemical resistance properties. Important examples include polychloroethene (polyvinyl chloride, PVC), and polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE, or Teflon), but many more halogenated polymers exist. Carbon tetrachloride was used in fire extinguishers and glass "anti-fire grenades" from the late nineteenth century until around the end of World War II. Experimentation with chloroalkanes for fire suppression on military aircraft began at least as early as the 1920s. American engineer Thomas Midgley developed chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) in 1928 as a replacement for ammonia (NH3), chloromethane (CH3Cl), and sulfur dioxide (SO2), which are toxic but were in common use at the time as refrigerants. The new compound developed had to have a low boiling point and be non-toxic and generally non-reactive. In a demonstration for the American Chemical Society, Midgley flamboyantly demonstrated all these properties by inhaling a breath of the gas and using it to blow out a candle. Midgley specifically developed CCl2F2. However, one of the attractive features is that there exists a whole family of the compounds, each having a unique boiling point which can suit different applications. In addition to their original application as refrigerants, chlorofluoroalkanes have been used as propellants in aerosol cans, cleaning solvents for circuit boards, and blowing agents for making expanded plastics (such as the expanded polystyrene used in packaging materials and disposable coffee cups). During World War II, various early chloroalkanes were in standard use in military aircraft by some combatants, but these early halons suffered from excessive toxicity. Nevertheless, after the war they slowly became more common in civil aviation as well. In the 1960s, fluoroalkanes and bromofluoroalkanes became available and were quickly recognized as being among the most effective fire-fighting materials discovered. Much early research with Halon 1301 was conducted under the auspices of the US Armed Forces, while Halon 1211 was, initially, mainly developed in the UK. By the late 1960s they were standard in many applications where water and dry-powder extinguishers posed a threat of damage to the protected property, including computer rooms, telecommunications switches, laboratories, museums and art collections. Beginning with warships, in the 1970s, bromofluoroalkanes also progressively came to be associated with rapid knockdown of severe fires in confined spaces with minimal risk to personnel. Work on alternatives for chlorofluorocarbons in refrigerants began in the late 1970s after the first warnings of damage to stratospheric ozone were published in the journal Nature in 1974 by Molina and Rowland (who shared the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work). Adding hydrogen and thus creating hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), chemists made the compounds less stable in the lower atmosphere, enabling them to break down before reaching the ozone layer. Later alternatives dispense with the chlorine, creating hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) with even shorter lifetimes in the lower atmosphere. By the early 1980s, bromofluoroalkanes were in common use on aircraft, ships and large vehicles as well as in computer facilities and galleries. However, concern was beginning to be felt about the impact of chloroalkanes and bromoalkanes on the ozone layer. The Vienna Convention on Ozone Layer Protection did not cover bromofluoroalkanes as it was thought, at the time, that emergency discharge of extinguishing systems was too small in volume to produce a significant impact, and too important to human safety for restriction. However, by the time of the Montreal Protocol it was realised that deliberate and accidental discharges during system tests and maintenance accounted for substantially larger volumes than emergency discharges, and consequently halons were brought into the treaty, albeit with many exceptions. Use of certain chloroalkanes as solvents for large scale application, such as dry cleaning, have been phased out, for example, by the IPPC directive on greenhouse gases in 1994 and by the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) directive of the EU in 1997. Permitted chlorofluoroalkane uses are medicinal only. Finally, bromofluoroalkanes have been largely phased out and the possession of such equipment is prohibited in some countries like the Netherlands and Belgium, from 1 January 2004, based on the Montreal Protocol and guidelines of the European Union. Production of new stocks ceased in most (probably all) countries as of 1994. However many countries still require aircraft to be fitted with halon fire suppression systems because no safe and completely satisfactory alternative has been discovered for this application. There are also a few other, highly specialised, uses. These programs recycle halon through "halon banks" coordinated by the Halon Recycling Corporation to ensure that discharge to the atmosphere occurs only in a genuine emergency and to conserve remaining stocks. In the U.S. technicians and others who buy or work with CFC, HCFC, of HFC gases must pass licensing examinations set by the Environmental Protection Agency. There is one test for the Part 609 license, which allows a person to work on automobile air conditioners. This can be taken on line. There are four examinations for a full Part 608 license, which allows the holder to work on all other types of refrigeration and air conditioning equipment. These tests are given by private groups approved by the EPA. The venting of freon, failure to be licensed, or not using approved recovery equipment, can result in substantial fines. On September 21, 2007, approximately 200 countries agreed to accelerate the elimination of hydrochlorofluorocarbons entirely by 2020 in a United Nations-sponsored Montreal summit. Developing nations were given until 2030. Many nations, such as the United States and China, who had previously resisted such efforts, agreed with the accelerated phaseout schedule. PhostrEx is a fire suppresion agent developed for use in aviation applications to replace halon. It was developed by Eclipse Aviation for use aboard their Eclipse 500 very light jets as an engine fire suppression system, and is now being marketed to other aviation manufacturers. PhostrEx meets the requirements of both the Montreal Protocol and the Clean Air Act, and is the first commercially viable FAA andamp; EPA certified halon replacement fire extinguishing agent. It reacts very quickly with atmospheric moisture, breaking down into phosphorus acid and hydrogen bromide. Various other solvents and methods have replaced the use of CFCs in laboratory analytics. The formal naming of haloalkanes should follow IUPAC nomenclature, which put the halogen as a prefix to the alkane. For example, ethane with bromine becomes bromoethane, methane with four chlorine groups becomes tetrachloromethane. However, many of these compounds have already an established trivial name, which is endorsed by the IUPAC nomenclature, for example chloroform (trichloromethane) and methylene chloride (dichloromethane). For unambiguity, this article follows the systematic naming scheme throughout. The refrigerant naming system is mainly used for fluorinated and chlorinated short alkanes for refrigerant use. In the US the standard is specified in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-1992, with additional annual supplements. The specified ANSI/ASHRAE prefixes were FC (fluorocarbon) or R (refrigerant), but today most are prefixed by a more specific classification: The decoding system for CFC-01234a is: Other coding systems are in use as well. Alkyl halides can be synthesized from alkanes, alkenes, alcohols or carboxylic acids. Alkanes react with halogens by free radical halogenation. In this reaction a hydrogen atom is removed from the alkane, then replaced by a halogen atom by reaction with a diatomic halogen molecule. The reactive intermediate in this reaction is a free radical and the reaction is called a radical chain reaction. Haloalkanes are reactive towards nucleophiles. They are polar molecules: the carbon to which the halogen is attached is slightly electropositive where the halogen is slightly electronegative. This results in an electron deficient (electrophilic) carbon which, inevitably, attracts nucleophiles. Substitution reactions involve the replacement of the halogen with another molecule - thus leaving saturated hydrocarbons, as well as the halogen product. Hydrolysis - a reaction in which water breaks a bond--is a good example of the nucleophilic nature of halogenoalkanes. The polar bond attracts a hydroxide ion, OH-. (NaOH(aq) being a common source of this ion). This OH- is a nucleophile with a clearly negative charge, as it has excess electrons it donates them to the carbon, which results in a covalent bond between the two. Thus C-X is broken by heterolytic fission resulting in a halide ion, X-. As can be seen, the OH is now attached to the alkyl group, creating an alcohol. (Hydrolysis of bromoethane, for example, yields ethanol). One should note that within the halogen series, the C-X bond weakens as one goes to heavier halogens, and this affects the rate of reaction. Thus, the C-I of an iodoalkane generally reacts faster than the C-F of a fluoroalkane. Apart from hydrolysis, there are a few other isolated examples of nucleophilic substitution: Rather than creating a molecule with the halogen substituted with something else, one can completely eliminate both the halogen and a nearby hydrogen, thus forming an alkene. For example, with bromoethane and NaOH in ethanol, the hydroxide ion OH- attracts a hydrogen atom - thus removing a hydrogen and bromine from bromoethane. This results in C2H4 (ethene), H2O and Br-. One major use of CFCs has been as propellants in aerosol inhalers for drugs used to treat asthma. The conversion of these devices and treatments from CFC to halocarbons that do not have the same effect on the ozone layer is well under way. The hydrofluoroalkane propellant's ability to solubilize medications and excipients is markedly different from CFCs and as a result requires a considerable amount of effort to reformulate (a significant amount of development effort has also been required to develop non-CFC alternatives to CFC-based refrigerants, particularly for applications where the refrigeration mechanism cannot be modified or replaced). They have now been outlawed universally in all 50 U.S. states . At high temperatures, halons decompose to release halogen atoms that combine readily with active hydrogen atoms, quenching the flame propagation reaction even when adequate fuel, oxygen and heat remains. The chemical reaction in a flame proceeds as a free radical chain reaction; by sequestering the radicals which propagate the reaction, halons are able to "poison" the fire at much lower concentrations than are required by fire suppressants using the more traditional methods of cooling, oxygen deprivation, or fuel dilution. For example, Halon 1301 total flooding systems are typically used at concentrations no higher than 7% v/v in air, and can suppress many fires at 2.9% v/v. By contrast, carbon dioxide fire suppression flood systems are operated from 34% concentration by volume (surface-only combustion of liquid fuels) up to 75% (dust traps). Carbon dioxide can cause severe distress at concentrations of 3 to 6%, and has caused death by respiratory paralysis in a few minutes at 10% concentration. Halon 1301 causes only slight giddiness at its effective concentration of 5%, and even at 15% persons remain conscious but impaired and suffer no long term effects. (Experimental animals have also been exposed to 2% concentrations of Halon 1301 for 30 hours per week for 4 months, with no discernible health effects at all.) Halon 1211 also has low toxicity, although it is more toxic than Halon 1301, and thus considered unsuitable for flooding systems. However, Halon 1301 fire suppression is not completely non-toxic; very high temperature flame, or contact with red-hot metal, can cause decomposition of Halon 1301 to toxic byproducts. The presence of such byproducts is readily detected because they include hydrobromic acid and hydrofluoric acid, which are intensely irritating. Halons are very effective on Class A (organic solids), B (flammable liquids and gases) and C (electrical) fires, but they are totally unsuitable for Class D (metal) fires, as they will not only produce toxic gas and fail to halt the fire, but in some cases pose a risk of explosion. Halons can be used on Class K (kitchen oils and greases) fires, but offer no advantages over specialised foams. Halon 1211 is typically used in hand-held extinguishers, in which a stream of liquid halon is directed at a smaller fire by a user. The stream evaporates under reduced pressure, producing strong local cooling, as well as a high concentration of halon in the immediate vicinity of the fire. In this mode, extinguishment is achieved by cooling and oxygen deprivation at the core of the fire, as well as radical quenching over a larger area. After fire suppression, the halon moves away with the surrounding air, leaving no residue. Halon 1301 is more usually employed in total flooding systems. In these systems, banks of halon cylinders are kept pressurised to about 4 MPa (600 PSI) with compressed nitrogen, and a fixed piping network leads to the protected enclosure. On triggering, the entire measured contents of one or more cylinders are discharged into the enclosure in a few seconds, through nozzles designed to ensure uniform mixing throughout the room. The quantity dumped is pre-calculated to achieve the desired concentration, typically 3-7% v/v. This level is maintained for some time, typically with a minimum of ten minutes and sometimes up to a twenty minute 'soak' time, to ensure all items have cooled so reignition is unlikely to occur, then the air in the enclosure is purged, generally via a fixed purge system that is activated by the proper authorities. During this time the enclosure may be entered by persons wearing SCBA. (There exists a common myth that this is because halon is highly toxic; in fact it is because it can cause giddiness and mildly impaired perception, and also due to the risk of combustion byproducts.) Flooding systems may be manually operated or automatically triggered by a VESDA or other automatic detection system. In the latter case, a warning siren and strobe lamp will first be activated for a few seconds to warn personnel to evacuate the area. The rapid discharge of halon and consequent rapid cooling fills the air with fog, and is accompanied by a loud, disorienting noise. Due to environmental concerns, alternatives are being deployed. Halon 1301 is also used in the F-16 fighters to prevent the fuel vapors in the fuel tanks from becoming explosive; when the aircraft enters area with the possibility of unfriendly fire, Halon 1301 is injected into the fuel tanks for one-time use. Due to environmental concerns, trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I) is being considered as an alternative. Since the late 1970s the use of CFCs has been heavily regulated because of their destructive effects on the ozone layer. After the development of his electron capture detector, James Lovelock was the first to detect the widespread presence of CFCs in the air, finding a concentration of 60 parts per trillion of CFC-11 over Ireland. In a self-funded research expedition ending in 1973, Lovelock went on to measure the concentration of CFC-11 in both the Arctic and Antarctic, finding the presence of the gas in each of 50 air samples collected, but incorrectly concluding that CFCs are not hazardous to the environment. The experiment did however provide the first useful data on the presence of CFCs in the atmosphere. The damage caused by CFCs discovered by Sherry Rowland and Mario Molina who, after hearing a lecture on the subject of Lovelock's work, embarked on research resulting in the first published paper suggesting the connection in 1974. It turns out that one of CFCs' most attractive features—their unreactivity—has been instrumental in making them one of the most significant pollutants. CFCs' lack of reactivity gives them a lifespan which can exceed 100 years in some cases. This gives them time to diffuse into the upper stratosphere. Here, the sun's ultraviolet radiation is strong enough to break off the chlorine atom, which on its own is a highly reactive free radical. This catalyzes the break up of ozone into oxygen by means of a variety of mechanisms, of which the simplest is: Since the chlorine is regenerated at the end of these reactions, a single Cl atom can destroy many thousands of ozone molecules. Reaction schemes similar to this one (but more complicated) are believed to be the cause of the ozone hole observed over the poles and upper latitudes of the Earth. Decreases in stratospheric ozone may lead to increases in skin cancer. In 1975, the US state of Oregon enacted the world's first ban of CFCs (legislation introduced by Walter F. Brown). The United States and several European countries banned the use of CFCs in aerosol spray cans in 1978, but continued to use them in refrigeration, foam blowing, and as solvents for cleaning electronic equipment. By 1985, scientists observed a dramatic seasonal depletion of the ozone layer over Antarctica. International attention to CFCs resulted in a meeting of world diplomats in Montreal in 1987. They forged a treaty, the Montreal Protocol, which called for drastic reductions in the production of CFCs. On March 2, 1989, 12 European Community nations agreed to ban the production of all CFCs by the end of the century. In 1990, diplomats met in London and voted to significantly strengthen the Montreal Protocol by calling for a complete elimination of CFCs by the year 2000. By the year 2010 CFCs should be completely eliminated from developing countries as well. Because the only available CFC gases in countries adhering to the treaty is from recycling, their prices have gone up considerably. A worldwide end to production should also terminate the smuggling of this material, such as from Mexico to the United States. A number of substitutes for CFCs have been introduced. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are much more reactive than CFCs, so a large fraction of the HCFCs emitted break down in the troposphere, and hence are removed before they have a chance to affect the ozone layer. Nevertheless, a significant fraction of the HCFCs do break down in the stratosphere and they have contributed to more chlorine buildup there than originally predicted. Development of non-chlorine based chemical compounds as a substitute for CFCs and HCFCs continues. One such class are the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which contain only hydrogen and fluorine. One of these compounds, HFC-134a, is now used in place of CFC-12 in automobile air conditioners; which itself may contribute to global warming (see HFC-134a). There is concern that halons are being broken down in the atmosphere to bromine, which reacts with ozone, leading to depletion of the ozone layer (this is similar to the case of chlorofluorocarbons such as freon). These issues are complicated: the kinds of fires that require halon extinguishers to be put out will typically cause more damage to the ozone layer than the halon itself, not to mention human and property damage. However, fire extinguisher systems must be tested regularly, and these tests may lead to damage. As a result, some regulatory measures have been taken, and halons are being phased out in most of the world. In the United States, purchase and use of freon gases is regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency, and substantial fines have been levied for their careless venting. Also, licenses, good for life, are required to buy or use these chemicals. The EPA website discusses these rules in great detail, and also lists numerous private companies that are approved to give examinations for these certificates. There are two kinds of licenses. Obtaining a "Section 609" license to use CFCs to recharge old (pre-1993 model year) car air conditioners is fairly easy and requires only an online multiple choice test offered by several companies. Companies that use unlicensed technicians for CFC recharge operations are subject to a US$15,000 fine per technician by the EPA. The "Section 608" license, needed to recharge CFC-using stationary and non-automobile mobile units, is also multiple choice but more difficult. A general knowledge test is required, plus separate exams for small size (such as home refrigerator) units, and for high and low pressure systems. These are respectively called Parts I, II, and III. A person who takes and passes all tests receives a "Universal" license; otherwise, one that is endorsed only for the respectively passed Parts. While the general knowledge and Part I exams can be taken online, taking them before a proctor (which has to be done for Parts II and III) lets the applicant pass these tests with lower scores. Haloalkanes in copper tubing open to the environment can turn into phosgene gas after coming in contact with extreme heat, such as while brazing or in a fire situation. Other ways that phosgene can be created is by passing the haloalkane through an internal combustion engine, or by inhaling it through a lit cigarette, cigar or pipe. Phosgene is a substance that was used as a chemical weapon in World Warand#160;I. Low exposure can cause irritation, but high levels cause fluid to collect in the lungs, possibly resulting in death. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94712.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Describing the state-of-the-science in particle technology, this book takes a systematic approach using the classical toxicology paradigm of exposure-dose-response. There are no texts in that address the general toxicology of particles in quite the same way. Bringing together leading researchers in the field, the book emphasizes mechanistic toxicology of exposure to particles, covers the growth and production of nanoparticles, and discusses classical industrial exposures to carbon black and titanium dioxide, silica, asbestos, and metal dust. It also addresses accidental exposure during mining and quarrying and from environmental sources such as cigarette smoke, diesel, and soot. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94711.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 With glaciers melting, oceans growing more acidic, species dying out, and catastrophic events like Hurricane Katrina ever more probable, strong steps must be taken now to slow global warming. Further warming threatens entire regional economies and the well being of whole populations, and in this century alone, it could create a global cataclysm. Synthesizing information from leading scientists and the most up-to-date research, science journalist William Sweet examines what the United States can do to help prevent climate devastation. Rather than focusing on cutting oil consumption, which Sweet argues is expensive and unrealistic, the United States should concentrate on drastically reducing its use of coal. Coal-fired plants, which currently produce more than half of the electricity in the United States, account for two fifths of the country`s greenhouse gas emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Sweet believes a mixture of more environmentally sound technologies-wind turbines, natural gas, and nuclear reactors-can effectively replace coal plants, especially since dramatic improvements in technology have made nuclear power cleaner, safer, and more efficient. Sweet cuts through all the confusion and controversies. He explores dramatic advances made by climate scientists over the past twenty years and addresses the various political and economic issues associated with global warming, including the practicality of reducing emissions from automobiles, the efficacy of taxing energy consumption, and the responsibility of the United States to its citizens and the international community to reduce greenhouse gases. Timely and provocative, Kicking the Carbon Habit is essential reading for anyone interested in environmental science, economics, and the future of the planet. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94710.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 A rigorous and in-depth approach to environmental systems and processes Concern over environmental changes resulting from oversubscription and exploitation of Earth`s resources is mounting. Acid rains from power generation and industrial process emissions to the atmosphere, contamination of water resources by spills and discharges of hazardous chemicals, the greenhouse and global warming effects of carbon dioxide generated by consumption of organic fuels, and the depletion of ecosystem stabilizers such as oxygen in lakes and streams overfertilized by human wastes; these are a few of the considerations facing environmental engineers and scientists today. These are complex and confounding processes and phenomena, and their effects vary widely among the virtually limitless number of environmental systems and subsystems on Earth. Environmental Systems and Processes: Principles, Modeling, and Design is the first book to explain that, although environmental systems are virtually limitless in number, change is controlled by a relatively small set of fundamental processes. Written by one of the initiators and foremost proponents of the first principles approach to environmental system characterization and problem solving, this informative volume details how three fundamental issues lie at the base of every environmental process; i.e., the amount and form of available energy, the rate at which that energy can be exercised, and the configuration and dynamics of the system in which the process occurs. The author demonstrates how the mastering of relatively few fundamental principles can provide the reader with the tools necessary to solve a broad range of environmental problems. Topics discussed in Environmental Systems and Processes: Principles, Modeling, and Design include: fluid flow and mass transport; passive and reactive interphase mass transfer; elementary and complex process rates; ideal, hybrid, and nonideal system modeling and design; and Copyright (C) Muze http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94709.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Explains that an interplay of the sun and cosmic rays - sub-atomic particles from exploded stars - seem to have more effect on the climate than man-made carbon dioxide. This title is intended for those interested in the real science behind our climate. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94708.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Marijuana Success Indoors demonstrates the best ways to combine gardening skill with technological savvy to produce the highest quality buds. Collecting the best of Ed Rosenthal's articles on indoor cultivation, this large-format, colorfully illustrated guide shows how growers have addressed such issues as working in small spaces; supplementing with carbon dioxide; and using lighting and other techniques to maximize quality and yield in any indoor garden. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94707.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 In this masterpiece, the renowned chemistry Nobel Laureate, George A. Olah and his colleagues discuss in a clear and readily accessible manner the use of methanol as a viable alternative to our diminishing fossil fuel resources. They look at the pros and cons of our current main energy sources, namely oil and natural gas, and varied renewable energies, and new ways to overcome obstacles. Following an introduction, Olah, Goeppert and Prakash look at the interrelation of fuels and energy, and at the extent of our non-renewable fossil fuel resources. Despite the diminishing reserve and global warming, the authors point out the continuing need for hydrocarbons and their products. They also discuss the envisioned hydrogen economy and its significant shortcomings. The main section then focuses on the methanol economy, including the conversion carbon dioxide from industrial exhausts (such as flue gases from fossil fuel burning power plants) and carbon dioxide contained in the atmoshere into convenient liquid methanol for fuel uses (notably in fuel cells) and as a raw material for hydrocarbons. The book is rounded off with a glimpse into the future. A forward-looking and inspiring work regarding the major challenges of future energy and environmental problems. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94706.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Scientists agree that over last century the earth has become warmer. But do we really know why this has happened? This book explains, an interplay of the clouds, the Sun and cosmic rays - sub-atomic particles from exploded stars - which seems to have more effect on the climate than manmade carbon dioxide. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94705.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 This massively updated and expanded fifth edition is the most complete, authoritative engineering treatment of the dehydration and gas purification processes used in industry today. Of great value to design and operations engineers, it gives practical process and equipment design descriptions, basic data, plant performance results, and other detailed information on gas purification processes and hardware. This latest edition incorporates all significant advances in the field since 1985. You will find major new chapters on the rapidly expanding technologies of nitrogen oxide control, with discussions of regulatory requirements and available processes; absorption in physical solvents, covering single component and mixed solvent systems; and membrane permeation, with emphasis on the gas purification applications of membrane units. In addition, new sections cover areas of strong current interest, particularly liquid hydrocarbon treating, Claus plant tail gas treating, thermal oxidation of volatile organic compounds, and sulfur scavenging processes. This volume brings you expanded coverage of alkanolamines for hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide removal, the removal and use of ammonia in gas purification, the use of alkaline salt solutions for acid gas removal, and the use of water to absorb gas impurities. The basic technologies and all significant advances in the following areas are thoroughly described: sulfur dioxide removal and recovery processes, processes for converting hydrogen sulfide to sulfur, liquid phase oxidation processes for hydrogen sulfide removal, the absorption of water vapor by dehydrating solutions, gas dehydration and purification by adsorption, and the catalytic and thermal conversion of gas impurities. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94704.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Track Listing: Mind Transplant - (studio) Snowbound - (studio) Carbon Dioxide - (studio) Ascorbic Acid - (studio) Happiness Is Loving You - (studio) Some Of The Things People Do - (studio) Golden Rainbows - (studio) Nitroglycerine - (studio) Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94703.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Arguing that all but one of the major extinction events that have occurred on the planet have been caused by environmental factors, an examination of the ways in which elevated carbon dioxide levels and global warming compromise the earth`s ability to sustain life makes cautionary recommendations for averting future disasters. Reprint. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94702.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Since becoming president, George W. Bush has walked away from the Kyoto Protocol, pushed for oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, undermined protections for endangered species and wilderness, and retreated from his campaign pledge to regulate carbon dioxide. But the presidentand#8217;s agenda reaches deeper than these well-known policies. In Bush Versus the Environment , Robert Devine shows how the White House is quietly undermining the entire system of environmental safeguards that has developed over the past thirty years. The administration`s tactics include: -Encouraging lawsuits against the federal government that challenge existing environmental laws, and then feebly defending the cases in court. -Ignoring science that doesnand#8217;t support the president`s goals, and pressuring government scientists to produce the results the administration wants. -Using fuzzy math to overestimate the costs and underestimate the benefits of regulations that protect human health and the environment, which can lead to the elimination of much-needed rules. These are just a few of the administrationand#8217;s strategies, which are being pursued beneath the radar of a public that overwhelmingly supports environmental protections. Bush Versus the Environment is a compelling and important look at one of the most important issues facing America today, one that will have consequences that last long after Bush has left office. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94701.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94700.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Describes the various parts of the human respiratory system and then explains how that system brings fresh oxygen into the body and carries carbon dioxide to the lungs to be expelled. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94699.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Description not available. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94698.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Exposes how big business, the Bush administration, and environmentalists alike are preventing us from solving the problem of global warming-and offers a prescription for saving the planet In Boiling Point , Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Ross Gelbspan argues that, unchecked, climate change will swamp every other issue facing us today. Indeed, what began as an initial response of many institutions-denial and delay-has now grown into a crime against humanity. The fossil fuel industry is directing the Bush administration`s energy and climate policies-payback for helping Bush get elected. But they`re not the only ones to blame: the media and environmental activists are unwittingly worsening the crisis. In his new introduction, Gelbspan reveals that the outlook isn`t getting better. The climate continues to change with increasing acceleration: hurricanes devastated Florida; rainfall patterns left two million people starving in Kenya; 2004 was the fourth hottest year on record. At the same time, the coal industry was planning to sabotage an effort in the Senate to begin to regulate carbon dioxide. Officials of Switzerland, France, and Canada said last year that, when the Kyoto Protocol takes effect, they intend to take the United States to court under the World Trade Organization, reasoning that the U.S.`s refusal to lower their carbon emissions amounts to an illegal subsidy-a carbon subsidy-on its exports. With the reelection of George W. Bush and a Republican-controlled congress, Boiling Point is more imperative than ever. Both a passionate call-to-arms and a thoughtful roadmap for change, Gelbspan reveals what`s at stake for our fragile planet. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94697.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 A history of climate change, how it will unfold over the next century, and what we can do to prevent a cataclysmic future includes specific suggestions for both lawmakers and individuals, from investing in renewable power sources such as wind, solar, and geothermal energy to steps everyone can take right now to reduce deadly carbon dioxide emissions by seventy percent. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94696.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 An unconventional study of the issue of global warming focuses on the root cause of the problem--the influx of carbon dioxide into Earth`s atmostphere--to look at the consequences of the problem and to argue that only the development of new technologies can reduce carbon dioxide output and dispose of it safely. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94695.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Description not available. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94694.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 −57 °C (216 K) (under pressure) −78 °C (195 K), (sublimes) Carbon dioxide (chemical formula: CO2) is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state. It is currently at a globally averaged concentration of approximately 387 ppm by volume in the Earth's atmosphere,. Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide fluctuate slightly with the change of the seasons, falling during the spring and summer as plants consume the gas, and rising during the fall and winter as plants go dormant, die and decay. Carbon dioxide makes up approximately 95.7% of Mars' atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is greenhouse gas because it transmits visible light but absorbs strongly in the infrared and near-infrared. Carbon dioxide is produced by all animals, plants, fungi and microorganisms during respiration and is used by plants during photosynthesis. This is to make sugars which may either be consumed again in respiration or used as the raw material to produce cellulose for plant growth. It is, therefore, a major component of the carbon cycle. Carbon dioxide is generated as a by-product of the combustion of fossil fuels or the burning of vegetable matter, among other chemical processes. Large amounts of carbon dioxide are emitted from volcanoes and other geothermal processes such as hot springs and geysers. Carbon dioxide has no liquid state at pressures below 5.1 atm, but is a solid at temperatures below -78 °C. In its solid state, carbon dioxide is commonly called dry ice. CO2 is an acidic oxide: an aqueous solution turns litmus from blue to pink. CO2 is toxic in higher concentrations: 1% (10,000 ppm) will make some people feel drowsy. At standard temperature and pressure, the density of carbon dioxide is around 1.98 kg/m³, about 1.5 times that of air. The carbon dioxide molecule (O=C=O) contains two double bonds and has a linear shape. It has no electrical dipole, and as it is fully oxidized, it is moderately reactive and is non-flammable, but will support the combustion of metals such as magnesium. At −78.51° C or -109.3° F, carbon dioxide changes directly from a solid phase to a gaseous phase through sublimation, or from gaseous to solid through deposition. Solid carbon dioxide is normally called "dry ice", a generic trademark. It was first observed in 1825 by the French chemist Charles Thilorier. Dry ice is commonly used as a cooling agent, and it is relatively inexpensive. A convenient property for this purpose is that solid carbon dioxide sublimes directly into the gas phase leaving no liquid. It can often be found in grocery stores and laboratories, and it is also used in the shipping industry. The largest non-cooling use for dry ice is blast cleaning. Liquid carbon dioxide forms only at pressures above 5.1 atm; the triple point of carbon dioxide is about 518 kPa at −56.6 °C (See phase diagram, above). The critical point is 7.38 MPa at 31.1 °C. An alternative form of solid carbon dioxide, an amorphous glass-like form, is possible, although not at atmospheric pressure. This form of glass, called carbonia, was produced by supercooling heated CO2 at extreme pressure (40–48 GPa or about 400,000 atmospheres) in a diamond anvil. This discovery confirmed the theory that carbon dioxide could exist in a glass state similar to other members of its elemental family, like silicon (silica glass) and germanium. Unlike silica and germania glasses, however, carbonia glass is not stable at normal pressures and reverts back to gas when pressure is released. Carbon dioxide was one of the first gases to be described as a substance distinct from air. In the seventeenth century, the Flemish chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont observed that when he burned charcoal in a closed vessel, the mass of the resulting ash was much less than that of the original charcoal. His interpretation was that the rest of the charcoal had been transmuted into an invisible substance he termed a "gas" or "wild spirit" (spiritus sylvestre). The properties of carbon dioxide were studied more thoroughly in the 1750s by the Scottish physician Joseph Black. He found that limestone (calcium carbonate) could be heated or treated with acids to yield a gas he called "fixed air." He observed that the fixed air was denser than air and did not support either flame or animal life. He also found that when bubbled through an aqueous solution of lime (calcium hydroxide), it would precipitate calcium carbonate. He used this phenomenon to illustrate that carbon dioxide is produced by animal respiration and microbial fermentation. In 1772, English chemist Joseph Priestley published a paper entitled Impregnating Water with Fixed Air in which he described a process of dripping sulfuric acid (or oil of vitriol as Priestley knew it) on chalk in order to produce carbon dioxide, and forcing the gas to dissolve by agitating a bowl of water in contact with the gas. Carbon dioxide was first liquefied (at elevated pressures) in 1823 by Humphry Davy and Michael Faraday. Carbon dioxide may be obtained from air distillation. However, this yields only very small quantities of CO2. A large variety of chemical reactions yield carbon dioxide, such as the reaction between most acids and most metal carbonates. For example, the reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate (limestone or chalk) is depicted below: The H2CO3 then decomposes to water and CO2. Such reactions are accompanied by foaming or bubbling, or both. In industry such reactions are widespread because they can be used to neutralize waste acid streams. The production of quicklime (CaO) a chemical that has widespread use, from limestone by heating at about 850 °C also produces CO2: The combustion of all carbon containing fuels, such as methane (natural gas), petroleum distillates (gasoline, diesel, kerosene, propane), but also of coal and wood, will yield carbon dioxide and, in most cases, water. As an example the chemical reaction between methane and oxygen is given below. Iron is reduced from its oxides with coke in a blast furnace, producing pig iron and carbon dioxide: Yeast metabolizes sugar to produce carbon dioxide and ethanol, also known as alcohol, in the production of wines, beers and other spirits, but also in the production of bioethanol: All aerobic organisms produce CO2 when they oxidize carbohydrates, fatty acids, and proteins in the mitochondria of cells. The large number of reactions involved are exceedingly complex and not described easily. Refer to (cellular respiration, anaerobic respiration and photosynthesis). Photoautotrophs (i.e. plants, cyanobacteria) use another modus operandi: Plants absorb CO2 from the air, and, together with water, react it to form carbohydrates: Carbon dioxide is soluble in water, in which it spontaneously interconverts between CO2 and H2CO3 (carbonic acid). The relative concentrations of CO2, H2CO3, and the deprotonated forms HCO3− (bicarbonate) and CO32−(carbonate) depend on the pH. In neutral or slightly alkaline water (pH andgt; 6.5), the bicarbonate form predominates (andgt;50%) becoming the most prevalent (andgt;95%) at the pH of seawater, while in very alkaline water (pH andgt; 10.4) the predominant (andgt;50%) form is carbonate. The bicarbonate and carbonate forms are very soluble, such that air-equilibrated ocean water (mildly alkaline with typical pH = 8.2 – 8.5) contains about 120 mg of bicarbonate per liter. Carbon dioxide is manufactured mainly from seven processes: Carbon dioxide is used by the food industry, the oil industry, and the chemical industry. It is used in many consumer products that require pressurized gas because it is inexpensive and nonflammable, and because it undergoes a phase transition from gas to liquid at room temperature at an attainable pressure of approximately 60 bar (870 psi, 59 atm), allowing far more carbon dioxide to fit in a given container than otherwise would. Life jackets often contain canisters of pressured carbon dioxide for quick inflation. Aluminum capsules are also sold as supplies of compressed gas for airguns, paintball markers, for inflating bicycle tires, and for making seltzer. Rapid vaporization of liquid carbon dioxide is used for blasting in coal mines. High concentrations of carbon dioxide can also be used to kill pests, such as the Common Clothes Moth. Carbon dioxide is used to produce carbonated soft drinks and soda water. Traditionally, the carbonation in beer and sparkling wine comes about through natural fermentation, but some manufacturers carbonate these drinks artificially. A candy called Pop Rocks is pressurized with carbon dioxide gas at about 40 bar (600 psi). When placed in the mouth, it dissolves (just like other hard candy) and releases the gas bubbles with an audible pop. Leavening agents produce carbon dioxide to cause dough to rise. Baker's yeast produces carbon dioxide by fermentation of sugars within the dough, while chemical leaveners such as baking powder and baking soda release carbon dioxide when heated or if exposed to acids. Carbon dioxide is the most commonly used compressed gas for pneumatic systems in portable pressure tools and combat robots. Carbon dioxide extinguishes flames, and some fire extinguishers, especially those designed for electrical fires, contain liquid carbon dioxide under pressure. Carbon dioxide also finds use as an atmosphere for welding, although in the welding arc, it reacts to oxidize most metals. Use in the automotive industry is common despite significant evidence that welds made in carbon dioxide are brittler than those made in more inert atmospheres, and that such weld joints deteriorate over time because of the formation of carbonic acid. It is used as a welding gas primarily because it is much less expensive than more inert gases such as argon or helium. Liquid carbon dioxide is a good solvent for many lipophilic organic compounds, and is used to remove caffeine from coffee. First, the green coffee beans are soaked in water. The beans are placed in the top of a column seventy feet (21 meters) high. Then super-pressurized carbon dioxide in fluid form at about 93 degrees Celsius enters at the bottom of the column. The caffeine diffuses out of the beans and into the carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide has begun to attract attention in the pharmaceutical and other chemical processing industries as a less toxic alternative to more traditional solvents such as organochlorides. It's used by some dry cleaners for this reason. (See green chemistry.) Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis, and greenhouses may enrich their atmospheres with additional CO2 to boost plant growth, since its low present-day atmosphere concentration is just above the "suffocation" level for green plants. A photosynthesis-related drop in carbon dioxide concentration in a greenhouse compartment can kill green plants. At high concentrations, carbon dioxide is toxic to animal life, so raising the concentration to 10,000 ppm (1%) for several hours can eliminate pests such as whiteflies and spider mites in a greenhouse. It has been proposed that carbon dioxide from power generation be bubbled into ponds to grow algae that could then be converted into biodiesel fuel. In medicine, up to 5% carbon dioxide is added to pure oxygen for stimulation of breathing after apnea and to stabilize the O2/CO2 balance in blood. A common type of industrial gas laser is the carbon dioxide laser. Carbon dioxide can also be combined with limonene oxide from orange peels or other epoxides to create polymers and plastics. Carbon dioxide is used in enhanced oil recovery where it is injected into or adjacent to producing oil wells, usually under supercritical conditions. It acts as both a pressurizing agent and, when dissolved into the underground crude oil, significantly reduces its viscosity, enabling the oil to flow more rapidly through the earth to the removal well. In mature oil fields, extensive pipe networks are used to carry the carbon dioxide to the injection points. In the chemical industry, carbon dioxide is used for the production of urea, carbonates and bicarbonates, and sodium salicylate. Liquid and solid carbon dioxide are important refrigerants, especially in the food industry, where they are employed during the transportation and storage of ice cream and other frozen foods. Solid carbon dioxide is called "dry ice" and is used for small shipments where refrigeration equipment is not practical. Liquid carbon dioxide (industry nomenclature R744 / R-744) was used as a refrigerant prior to the discovery of R-12 and is likely to enjoy a renaissance due to environmental concerns. Its physical properties are highly favorable for cooling, refrigeration, and heating purposes, having a high volumetric cooling capacity. Due to its operation at pressures of up to 130 bars, CO2 systems require highly resistant components that have been already developed to serial production in many sectors. In car air conditioning, in more than 90% of all driving conditions, R744 operates more efficiently than systems using R-134a. Its environmental advantages (GWP of 1, non-ozone depleting, non-toxic, non-flammable) could make it the future working fluid to replace current HFCs in cars, supermarkets, hot water heat pumps, among others. Some applications: Coca-Cola has fielded CO2-based beverage coolers and the US Army is interested in CO2 refrigeration and heating technology. By the end of 2007, the global car industry is expected to decide on the next-generation refrigerant in car air conditioning. CO2 is one discussed option.(see The Cool War) In enhanced coal bed methane recovery, carbon dioxide is pumped into the coal seam to displace methane. Carbon dioxide in earth's atmosphere is considered a trace gas currently occurring at an average concentration of about 385 parts per million by volume or 582 parts per million by mass. The mass of the Earth atmosphere is 5.14×1018 kg , so the total mass of atmospheric carbon dioxide is 3.0×1015 kg (3,000 gigatonnes). Its concentration varies seasonally (see graph at right) and also considerably on a regional basis: in urban areas it is generally higher and indoors it can reach 10 times the background atmospheric concentration. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. See greenhouse effect for more. Due to human activities such as the combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation, and the increased release of CO2 from the oceans due to the increase in the Earth's temperature, the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased by about 35% since the beginning of the age of industrialization. Five hundred million years ago carbon dioxide was 20 times more prevalent than today, decreasing to 4-5 times during the Jurassic period and then maintained a slow decline until the industrial revolution, with a particularly swift reduction occurring 49 million years ago. Up to 40% of the gas emitted by some volcanoes during subaerial volcanic eruptions is carbon dioxide. There is about 50 times as much carbon dissolved in the oceans in the form of CO2 and CO2 hydration products as exists in the atmosphere. The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, having "absorbed about one-third of all human-generated CO2 emissions to date." Generally, gas solubility decreases as water temperature increases. Accordingly carbon dioxide is released from ocean water into the atmosphere as ocean temperatures rise. Most of the CO2 taken up by the ocean forms carbonic acid. Some is consumed in photosynthesis by organisms in the water, and a small proportion of that sinks and leaves the carbon cycle. There is considerable concern that as a result of increased CO2 in the atmosphere the acidity of seawater will increase and may adversely affect organisms living in the water. In particular, with increasing acidity, the availability of carbonates for forming shells decreases. Carbon dioxide is an end product in organisms that obtain energy from breaking down sugars, fats and amino acids with oxygen as part of their metabolism, in a process known as cellular respiration. This includes all plants, animals, many fungi and some bacteria. In higher animals, the carbon dioxide travels in the blood from the body's tissues to the lungs where it is exhaled. In plants using photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere. Plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by photosynthesis, also called carbon assimilation, which uses light energy to produce organic plant materials (cellulose) by combining carbon dioxide and water. Free oxygen is released as gas from the decomposition of water molecules, while the hydrogen is split into its protons and electrons and used to generate chemical energy via photophosphorylation. This energy is required for the fixation of carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle to form sugars. These sugars can then be used for growth within the plant through respiration. Even when vented, carbon dioxide must be introduced into greenhouses to maintain plant growth, as the concentration of carbon dioxide can fall during daylight hours to as low as 200 ppm (a limit of C3 carbon fixation photosynthesis Plants also emit CO2 during respiration, so it is only during growth stages that plants are net absorbers. For example a growing forest will absorb many tons of CO2 each year, however a mature forest will produce as much CO2 from respiration and decomposition of dead specimens (e.g. fallen branches) as used in biosynthesis in growing plants. Carbon dioxide content in fresh air varies between 0.03% (300 ppm) and 0.06% (600 ppm), depending on the location (see graphical map of CO2 in real-time). According to the Australian Maritime Safety Authority, "Prolonged exposure to moderate concentrations can cause acidosis and adverse effects on calcium phosphorus metabolism resulting in increased calcium deposits in soft tissue. Carbon dioxide is toxic to the heart and causes diminished contractile force. At concentrations of three per cent by volume in air, it is mildly narcotic and causes increased blood pressure and pulse rate, and causes reduced hearing. At concentrations of about five per cent by volume it causes stimulation of the respiratory centre, dizziness, confusion and difficulty in breathing accompanied by headache and shortness of breath. At about eight per cent concentration it causes headache, sweating, dim vision, tremor and loss of consciousness after exposure for between five and ten minutes." Due to the health risks associated with carbon dioxide exposure, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration says that average exposure for health adults during an eight-hour work day should not exceed 5,000 ppm (0.5%). The maximum safe level for infants, children, the elderly and individuals with cardio-pulmonary health issues is significantly less. For short-term (under ten minutes) exposure, the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) limit is 30,000 ppm (3%). NIOSH also states that carbon dioxide concentrations exceeding 4% are immediately dangerous to life and health. Adaptation to increased levels of CO2 occurs in humans. Continuous inhalation of CO2 can be tolerated at three percent inspired concentrations for at least one month and four percent inspired concentrations for over a week. It was suggested that 2.0 percent inspired concentrations could be used for closed air spaces (ex. Submarine) since the adaptation is physiological and reversible. Decrement in performance or in normal physical activity does not happen at this level. These figures are valid for pure carbon dioxide. In indoor spaces occupied by people the carbon dioxide concentration will reach higher levels than in pure outdoor air. Concentrations higher than 1,000 ppm will cause discomfort in more than 20% of occupants, and the discomfort will increase with increasing CO2 concentration. The discomfort will be caused by various gases coming from human respiration and perspiration, and not by CO2 itself. At 2,000 ppm the majority of occupants will feel a significant degree of discomfort, and many will develop nausea and headaches. The CO2 concentration between 300 and 2,500 ppm is used as an indicator of indoor air quality. Acute carbon dioxide toxicity is sometimes known by the names given to it by miners: blackdamp (also called choke damp or stythe). Miners would try to alert themselves to dangerous levels of carbon dioxide in a mine shaft by bringing a caged canary with them as they worked. The canary would inevitably die before CO2 reached levels toxic to people. Carbon dioxide caused a great loss of life at Lake Nyos in Cameroon in 1986, when an upwelling of CO2-laden lake water quickly blanketed a large surrounding populated area. The heavier carbon dioxide forced out the life-sustaining oxygen near the surface, killing nearly two thousand people. Carbon dioxide ppm levels (CDPL) are a surrogate for measuring indoor pollutants that may cause occupants to grow drowsy, get headaches, or function at lower activity levels. To eliminate most Indoor Air Quality complaints, total indoor CDPL must be reduced to below 600. NIOSH considers that indoor air concentrations that exceed 1,000 are a marker suggesting inadequate ventilation. ASHRAE recommends they not exceed 1,000 inside a space. CO2 is carried in blood in three different ways. (The exact percentages vary depending whether it is arterial or venous blood). Hemoglobin, the main oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells, carries both oxygen and carbon dioxide. However, the CO2 bound to hemoglobin does not bind to the same site as oxygen. Instead, it combines with the N-terminal groups on the four globin chains. However, because of allosteric effects on the hemoglobin molecule, the binding of CO2 decreases the amount of oxygen that is bound for a given partial pressure of oxygen. The decreased binding to carbon dioxide in the blood due to increased oxygen levels is known as the Haldane Effect, and is important in the transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. Conversely, a rise in the partial pressure of CO2 or a lower pH will cause offloading of oxygen from hemoglobin, which is known as the Bohr Effect. Carbon dioxide is one of the mediators of local autoregulation of blood supply. If its levels are high, the capillaries expand to allow a greater blood flow to that tissue. Bicarbonate ions are crucial for regulating blood pH. A person's breathing rate influences the level of CO2 in their blood. Breathing that is too slow or shallow causes respiratory acidosis, while breathing that is too rapid leads to hyperventilation, which may cause respiratory alkalosis. Although the body requires oxygen for metabolism, low oxygen levels do not stimulate breathing. Rather, breathing is stimulated by higher carbon dioxide levels. As a result, breathing low-pressure air or a gas mixture with no oxygen at all (such as pure nitrogen) can lead to loss of consciousness without ever experiencing air hunger. This is especially perilous for high-altitude fighter pilots. It is also why flight attendants instruct passengers, in case of loss of cabin pressure, to apply the oxygen mask to themselves first before helping others — otherwise one risks going unconscious. Typically the gas we exhale is about 4% to 5% carbon dioxide and 4% to 5% less oxygen than was inhaled. According to a study by the United States Department of Agriculture, an average person's respiration generates approximately 450 liters (roughly 900 grams) of carbon dioxide per day. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94693.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 A comprehensive presentation of groundwater hydrology that integrates chemistry, physics, geology, and calculus while applying theory to real-world geology. Provides quantitative methods of calculation in groundwater hydrology. Contains sections on transport processes, ground water contamination, well hydraulics, and aquifer yield ? including analog and numerical modeling. Covers mathematical derivations in appendices. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94692.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Description not available. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94691.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 INVOCACAO E PONTO INVENCAO PARA TROMBETA, TROMPA E TROMBONE PONTEIO PARA AS ALTEROSAS AQUIFERO- GUARANI VALSA RANCHEIRA DUO NO.14 NORMA JEANE ESTUDO PARA TROMPETE EM DO ANDANTE BOLLERO CONCERTINO Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94690.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 The Handbook of Groundwater Engineering provides a complete treatment of the theory and practice of groundwater engineering. This second edition includes new chapters on such topics as historical developments, infiltration and run-on under spatially variable hydrologic properties, sea water intrusion into coastal aquifers, groundwater and heat flow, groundwater model validation, scale issues, groundwater sustainability, the impact of climate change, and ecohydrology. It also contains updated chapters on elementary groundwater flow, transport processes, two- and three-dimensional flow, modeling the movement of water and solute through preferential flow paths, geostatistics, and more. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94689.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 This best selling book, Applied Hydrogeology gives readers a balanced examination of all facets of hydrogeology. It text stresses the application of mathematics to problem solving rather than derivation of theory. It provides a balance between physical and chemical hydrogeology. Numerous case studies cultivate reader understanding of the occurrence and movement of ground water in a variety of geologic settings. This valuable reference includes five new case histories: The Dakota Aquifer, Fractures Sedimentary Rocks?Newark basin, Faults as Aquifer Boundaries, Desert Hydrology?Azraq basin, Jordan. Uses the Internet to obtain hydrogeologic data and information. Includes well-developed case studies in most of the chapters. Contains tables covering various functions, unit conversions, and additional data for solving well hydraulics, water chemistry, and contaminant transport problems. For readers interested in advanced hydrology, groundwater hydrology, hydrogeology, and civil engineering. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94688.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 A history of the Ogallala aquifer traces its formation after the retreat of the glaciers; its use by ancient tribes, center-pivot sprinkler systems, and sophisticated extraction technologies; and the risk factors for its eventual drying out. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94687.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 An evocative memoir of growing up in working-class Long Island describes her youth in a town known as a service town for the glamorous Hamptons, a place plagued by such disasters as a UFO, a childhood cancer cluster, and the nearby Brookhaven nuclear laboratory, which leaked nuclear and chemical waste into the aquifer from which town residents got their water. 25,000 first printing. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94686.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Description not available. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94685.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Documents the history of the hidden High Plains aquifer that lies deep beneath the Great Plains between Texas and Colorado, citing its role in irrigation and agriculture while explaining the growing threat that it may run dry, a circumstance that would revert the Great Plains to its original desert-like climate. Reprint. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94684.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Tours one dozen cities that were built below street level, profiling each for their archaeological histories, geological features, and engineering innovations, in a reference that includes coverage of such regions as the first-century catacombs of Rome, the New York subway system, and Mexico City`s depleted aquifer. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94683.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Disc 1: Good Things Those Days Were Good Days Daily I Will Calculate the Distance Get Use to Failing Oh River Things Are Gonna Get Worse Mesa de Centro War on the Coffee Table, A If We All Collide in the Sun Bad Things Who Put the Skylight in Heaven Aquifer`s Water Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94682.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, silt, or clay) from which groundwater can be usefully extracted using a water well. The study of water flow in aquifers and the characterization of aquifers is called hydrogeology. Related terms include: an aquitard, which is an impermeable layer along an aquifer, and an aquiclude (or aquifuge), which is a solid, impermeable area beneath an aquifer. The surface of saturated material in an aquifer is known as the water table. Aquifers can occur at various depths.Those closer to the surface are not only more likely to be exploited for water supply and irrigation, but are also more likely to be topped up by the local rainfall. Many desert areas have limestone hills or mountains within them or close to them which can be exploited as groundwater resources. Parts of the Atlas Mountains in North Africa, the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon ranges of Syria, Israel and Lebanon, the Jebel Akhdar (Oman) in Oman, parts of the Sierra Nevada and neighbouring ranges in the United State's South West, have shallow aquifers which are exploited for their water. Over exploitation can lead to the exceeding of the practical sustained yield, i.e. more water is taken out than can be replenished. Along the coastlines of certain countries, such as Libya and Israel, population growth has led to over-population which has caused the lowering of water table and the subsequent contamination of the groundwater with saltwater from the sea (saline intrusions). This diagram indicates typical flow directions in a cross-sectional view of a simple confined/unconfined aquifer system. The system shows two aquifers with one aquitard (a confining or impermeable layer), between them, surrounded by the bedrock aquiclude, which is in contact with a gaining stream (typical in humid regions). The water table and unsaturated zone are also illustrated. An aquitard is a zone within the earth that restricts the flow of groundwater from one aquifer to another. An aquitard can sometimes, if completely impermeable, be called an aquiclude or aquifuge. Aquitards are composed of layers of either clay or non-porous rock with low hydraulic conductivity. Groundwater can be found at nearly every point in the earth's shallow subsurface, to some degree; although aquifers do not necessarily contain fresh water. The earth's crust can be divided into two regions: the saturated zone or phreatic zone (e.g., aquifers, aquitards, etc.), where all available spaces are filled with water, and the unsaturated zone (also called the aeration), where there are still pockets of air with some water that can be replaced by water. Saturated means the pressure head of the water is greater than atmospheric pressure (it has a gauge pressure andgt; 0). The definition of the water table is surface where the pressure head is equal to atmospheric pressure (where gauge pressure =0). Unsaturated conditions occur above the water table where the pressure head is negative (absolute pressure can never be negative, but gauge pressure can) and the water which incompletely fills the pores of the aquifer material is under suction. The water content in the unsaturated zone is held in place by surface adhesive forces and it rises above the water table (the zero gauge pressure isobar) by capillary action to saturate a small zone above the phreatic surface (the capillary fringe) at less than atmospheric pressure. This is termed tension saturation and is not the same as saturation on a water content basis. Water content in a capillary fringe decreases with increasing distance from the phreatic surface. The capillary head depends on soil pore size. In sandy soils with larger pores the head will be less than in clay soils with very small pores. The normal capillary rise in a clayey soil is less than 1.80 m (six feet) but can range between 0.3 and 10 m (1 and 30 ft). The capillary rise of water in a small diameter tube is this same physical process. The water table is the level to which water will rise in a large diameter pipe (e.g. a well) which goes down into the aquifer and is open to the atmosphere. Aquifers are typically saturated regions of the subsurface which produce an economically feasible quantity of water to a well or spring (e.g., sand and gravel or fractured bedrock often make good aquifer materials). An aquitard is a zone within the earth that restricts the flow of groundwater from one aquifer to another. An aquitard can sometimes, if completely impermeable, be called an aquiclude or aquifuge. Aquitards comprise layers of either clay or non-porous rock with low hydraulic conductivity. In mountainous areas (or near rivers in mountainous areas), the main aquifers are typically unconsolidated alluvium. They are typically composed of mostly horizontal layers of materials deposited by water processes (rivers and streams), which in cross-section (looking at a two-dimensional slice of the aquifer) appear to be layers of alternating coarse and fine materials. Coarse materials, because of the high energy needed to move them, tend to be found nearer the source (mountain fronts or rivers), while the fine-grained material will make it farther from the source (to the flatter parts of the basin or overbank areas - sometimes called the pressure area). Since there are less fine-grained deposits near the source, this is a place where aquifers are often unconfined (sometimes called the forebay area), or in hydraulic communication with the land surface. There are two end members in the spectrum of types of aquifers; confined and unconfined (with semi-confined being in between). Unconfined aquifers are sometimes also called water table or phreatic aquifers, because their upper boundary is the water table or phreatic surface. (See Biscayne Aquifer.) Typically (but not always) the shallowest aquifer at a given location is unconfined, meaning it does not have a confining layer (an aquitard or aquiclude) between it and the surface. Unconfined aquifers usually receive recharge water directly from the surface, from precipitation or from a body of surface water (e.g., a river, stream, or lake) which is in hydraulic connection with it. Confined aquifers have the water table above their upper boundary (an aquitard or aquiclude), and are typically found below unconfined aquifers. The term "perched" refers to ground water accumulating above a low-permeability unit or strata, such as a clay layer. This term is generally used to refer to a small local area of ground water that occurs at an elevation higher than a regionally-extensive aquifer. The difference between perched and unconfined aquifers is their size (perched is smaller). If the distinction between confined and unconfined is not clear geologically (i.e., if it is not known if a clear confining layer exists, or if the geology is more complex, e.g., a fractured bedrock aquifer), the value of storativity returned from an aquifer test can be used to determine it (although aquifer tests in unconfined aquifers should be interpreted differently than confined ones). Confined aquifers have very low storativity values (much less than 0.01, and as little as 10-5), which means that the aquifer is storing water using the mechanisms of aquifer matrix expansion and the compressibility of water, which typically are both quite small quantities. Unconfined aquifers have storativities (typically then called specific yield) greater than 0.01 (1% of bulk volume); they release water from storage by the mechanism of actually draining the pores of the aquifer, releasing relatively large amounts of water (up to the drainable porosity of the aquifer material, or the minimum volumetric water content). A common misconception is that groundwater exists in underground rivers (e.g. caves where water flows freely underground). This is only sometimes true in eroded limestone areas known as karst topography which make up only a small percentage of Earth's area. More usual is that the pore spaces of rocks in the subsurface are simply saturated with water — like a kitchen sponge — which can be pumped out and used for agricultural, industrial or municipal uses. The beach provides a model to help visualize an actual aquifer. If a hole is dug into the sand, very wet or saturated sand will be located at a shallow depth. This hole is a crude well, the wet sand represents an aquifer, and the level to which the water rises in this hole represents the water table. If a rock unit of low porosity is highly fractured, it can also make a good aquifer (via fissure flow). Porosity is important, but alone, it does not determine a rock's ability of being an aquifer. Areas of the Deccan Traps (a basaltic lava) in west central India are good examples. Similarly, the micro-porous (Upper Cretaceous) Chalk of south east England, although having a reasonably high porosity, has a low grain-to-grain permeability, with much of its good water-yielding characteristics being due to micro-fracturing and fissuring. Most land areas on Earth have some form of aquifer underlying them, sometimes at significant depths. Fresh water aquifers, especially those with limited recharge by meteoric water, can be over-exploited and, depending on the local hydrogeology, may draw in non-potable water or saltwater (saltwater intrusion) from hydraulically connected aquifers or surface water bodies. This can be a serious problem especially in coastal areas and other areas where aquifer pumping is excessive. In some areas the ground water can be contaminated by mineral poisons, such as arsenic - see Arsenic contamination of groundwater. Aquifers are critically important in human habitation and agriculture. Deep aquifers in arid areas have long been water sources for irrigation (see Ogallala below). Many villages and even large cities draw their water supply from wells in aquifers. Municipal, irrigation, and industrial water supplies are provided through large wells. Multiple wells for one water supply source are termed "wellfields", which may withdraw water from confined or unconfined aquifers. Using ground water from deep, confined aquifers provides more protection from surface water contamination. Some wells, termed "collector wells," are specifically designed to induce infiltration of surface (usually river) water. Aquifers that provide sustainable fresh groundwater to urban areas and for agricultural irrigation are typically close to the ground surface (within a couple of hundred meters) and have some recharge by fresh water. This recharge is typically from rivers or meteoric water (precipitation) that percolates into the aquifer through overlying unsaturated materials. In unconsolidated aquifers, groundwater is produced from pore spaces between particles of gravel, sand, and silt. If the aquifer is confined by low-permeability layers, the reduced water pressure in the sand and gravel causes slow drainage of water from the adjoining confining layers. If these confining layers are composed of compressible silt or clay, the loss of water to the aquifer reduces the water pressure in the confining layer, causing it to compress from the weight of overlying geologic materials. In severe cases, this compression can be observed on the ground surface as subsidence. Unfortunately, much of the subsidence from groundwater extraction is permanent (elastic rebound is small). Thus the subsidence is not only permanent, but the compressed aquifer has a permanently-reduced capacity to hold water. Aquifers near the coast have a lens of freshwater near the surface and denser seawater under freshwater. Seawater penetrates the aquifer diffusing in from the ocean and is more dense than freshwater. For porous (i.e. sandy) aquifers near the coast, the thickness of freshwater atop saltwater is about 40and#160;feet (12and#160;m) for every 1 ft of freshwater head above sea level. This relationship is called the Ghyben-Herzberg equation. If too much ground water is pumped near the coast, salt-water may intrude into freshwater aquifers causing contamination of potable freshwater supplies. Many coastal aquifers, such as the Biscayne Aquifer near Miami and the New Jersey Coastal Plain aquifer, have problems with saltwater intrusion as a result of overpumping. An example of a significant and sustainable carbonate aquifer is the Edwards Aquifer in central Texas. This carbonate aquifer has historically been providing high-quality water for nearly 2 million people and, even today, is completely full because of tremendous recharge from a number of area streams, rivers and lakes. The primary risk to this resource is human development over the recharge areas. One of the largest aquifers in the world is the Guarani Aquifer, with 1.2 million km² of area, shared by Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. Aquifer depletion is a problem in some areas, and is especially critical in northern Africa; see the Great Manmade River project of Libya for an example. However, new methods of groundwater management such as artificial recharge and injection of surface waters during seasonal wet periods has extended the life of many freshwater aquifers, especially in the United States. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94681.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Description not available. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94680.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Description not available. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94679.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Description not available. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94678.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Keith Bradsher has been at the forefront of critical SUV coverage since his posting as Detroit bureau chief for the New York Times from January 1996, through August 2001. While in Detroit, Bradsher won the George Polk Award and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for being the first reporter to cover the many problems created by SUVs. Winner of the New York Public Library Helen Bernstein Book Award for Excellence in Journalism Winner of The Washington Monthly `s 2002 Annual Political Book Award A New York Times Notable Book of the Year A BookSense 76 Pick Since High and Mighty was published in the Fall of 2002, regulators and consumers have become increasingly suspicious of sport utility vehicles and their poor safety records, heavy air pollution, and misleading marketing. Yet SUV sales continue to rise, leading average fuel consumption of new vehicles to a twenty- two year low and pushing traffic deaths to the highest level since 1990. As aging SUVs enter the used market, the problem is likely to grow much worse. Bradsher makes a powerful case that these vehicles are much worse than cars-for their occupants, for other motorists, for pedestrians, and for the planet itself. In so doing, he pulls off a work of investigative journalism that shows how a flawed regulatory system, a desperate Detroit, and our national love for bigger and better have combined to create this highway arms race. The paperback includes an epilogue covering new developments and an appendix explaining how to drive an SUV more safely. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94677.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 For instructors wanting all the detail of METEOROLOGY TODAY, but that don`t have time to cover all of the chapters, the new core version includes only the first sixteen chapters of the text, eliminating the chapters on air pollution, global climate, and light and atmospheric optics. If there is a better organization to more perfectly suit your course, the text can be further customized using TextChoice, the Thomson Custom Solution. Contact your local Thomson representative to learn more. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94676.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Description not available. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94675.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Track Listing: Devils Haircut Sissyneck Readymade High 5 (Rock The Catskills) Ramshackle Hotwax Lord Only Knows New Pollution, The Derelict Novacane Jack-Ass Where It`s At Minus Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94674.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 The Handbook of Chemical Technology and Pollution Control (3rd Edition) provides a detailed review of the chemistry and operating conditions of many of the present large-scale chemical processes important to our economy and high standards of living. The processes that could lead to emissions affecting our air, soil, and water are considered, together with ways in which it may be possible to reduce or eliminate these pollutants. Focusing on cleaner production concepts without neglecting `end of pipe` measures. With an increase in the awareness of corporate and social responsibility among business and industry leaders, the pressure to reduce harmful emissions and the desire to increase efficiencies and energy utilization, this book provides an essential resource. Suitable for researchers, practitioners and postgraduate students in the fields of chemical and biochemical engineering and environmental science, as well as government monitoring and regulatory agencies and industry leaders who want to stay one step ahead, this book will be a valuable addition to any library. * Integrated treatment of chemical technology with emission control chemistry * Introductory outline of the causes and effects of air and water pollution chemistry * Outline of the operating features and efficiency of basic emission control devices * Historical background of developments in industrial chemistry to 2004 in a single volume * Organized for easy access to chemical technology, new developments, or emission control details * Referenced to current additional sources of information in each area covered * Review questions provide working experience with the material provided Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94673.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Featuring easy-to-read and -understand chronologies, biographies, glossary entries, charts, measurements, and formulas, students, teachers, and general readers will consider this volume a one-stop resource for quick answers to frequently asked questions about acid rain, air pollution, the Antarctic Circle, asteroids, barrier reefs, common rocks, and more. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94672.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Description not available. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94671.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 This text has two unifying themes: materials balances and environmental ethics. First, the book demonstrates that environmental problems need to be solved using a holistic approach instead of a fragmented, single-pollution or single-medium approach. By using the concepts of materials balances, reactions, and reactors, the authors integrate and unify the presentation of water supply, waste-water treatment, air pollution control, and solid and hazardous waste management. Second, since ethics plays an increasingly important part in the professional lives of engineers, the authors incorporate ethical decision making into the discussions and problems. In many of the problems, students are required not only to solve the technical part, but also to consider the ethical ramifications of solving the technical problems. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94670.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 This book offers one of the most comprehensive, up-to-date treatments of environmental geology available?from fundamental geologic principles to the specifics of environmental law and geological hazards. It fully discusses both processes and environmental issues, and where appropriate, includes boxes with quantification of processes. Case Histories and examples reflect a cross-section of the United States, and Special Features boxes highlight classic and recent environmental disasters. Features high-quality photographs and illustrations throughout. Earth Materials and Processes. Soils and Environment. Natural Hazards: An Overview. Rivers and Flooding. Landslides and Related Phenomena. Earthquakes and Related Phenomena. Volcanic Activity. Coastal Hazards. Water: Process, Supply, and Use. Water Pollution and Treatment. Waste Management. The Geologic Aspects of Environmental Health. Mineral Resources and Environment. Energy and Environment. Global Change and Earth System Science. Air Pollution. Landscape Evaluation and Land Use. For geologists, environmental scientists, and foresters. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94669.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Track Listing: Uncle Meat (Main Title Theme) Voice Of Cheese, The Nine Types Of Industrial Pollution Zolar Czakl Dog Breath, In The Year Of The Plague Legend Of The Golden Arches, The Louie Louie - (live, At The Royal Albert Hall In London) Dog Breath Variations, The Sleeping In A Jar Our Bizarre Relationship Uncle Meat Variations, The Electric Aunt Jemima Prelude To King Kong God Bless America - (live, At The Whiskey A Go-Go) Pound For A Brown On The Bus, A Ian Underwood Whips It Out - (live, On Stage In Copenhagen) Mr. Green Genes We Can Shoot You If We'd All Been Living In California... Air, The Project X Cruising For Burgers Uncle Meat Film Excerpt Part 1 Tengo Na Minchia Tanta Uncle Meat Film Excerpt Part 2 King Kong Itself King Kong II King Kong III King Kong IV King Kong V King Kong VI Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94668.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Discusses such environmental concerns as depletion of the ozone layer, global warming, air and water pollution, recycling, wildlife conservation, and more. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94667.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 This second edition text provides updated and comprehensive coverage of the applied thermodynamic operating principles of the internal combustion engine. The scope of this text includes all IC engines from the largest stationary and ship engines down to the smallest engines used on tools and toys, with an emphasis on reciprocating engines used in automobiles and similar applications. Spark ignition and compression ignition engines are covered, as are engines that operate on four-stroke and two-stroke cycles. The latest automotive technologies are addressed, such as hybrid vehicles, higher voltage electrical systems, electronic valve actuation, and cylinder output. The text covers the fundamentals of fuels, combustion, heat transfer, lubrication, and fluid mechanics as applied in the operation of IC engines. Chapter topics include basic fundamentals, cycles, induction, cylinder flow, combustion, exhaust, and omissions and air pollution. Features of the Book Coverage of the latest automotive technologies, including the Miller cycle, variable compression ratios, 42-volt electrical systems, hybrid vehicles, variable valve actuation, cylinder cutout, alternate fuels, and electronic valve control Photographs, line drawings, and cycle diagrams of many different types and sizes of engines Many additional worked example problems to emphasize important concepts Additional review problems at the end of each chapter, including open-ended design problems Numerical answers to selected review problems Use of both SI and English units Additional historical notes Conversion factors for common engine parameters Tables of fuel properties, air properties, chemical parameters, and text notation Expanded reference listing Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94666.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Second Edition provides a rigorous and comprehensive treatment of the chemistry of the atmosphere ? including aerosols and air pollution, their interaction, the effects of gases and particles, and mathematical chemical/transport models of the atmosphere. Each chapter develops the central results from fundamental principles, which gives the reader an understanding of the underlying science. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94665.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 A step-by-step guide to understanding and coping with hay fever, perennial rhinitis, and other allergic reactions. * Helps to determine whether you really suffer from hay fever and how to deal with it on a year-round basis. * Shows how to lessen your symptoms without drugs and how to avoid reactions in the first place. * Explains how to minimize the development of allergies in your children. * Includes appendices on pollen seasons around the world, air pollution, and useful products and resources. Almost everyone has thought that they may be suffering from hay fever at one time or another. But what is hay fever? And what are the most effective treatments? HAY FEVER: THE COMPLETE GUIDE looks at these questions and provides the scientific background on the causes and types of hay fever and related sinus conditions and how to treat them for the most effective results. The authors explore all the issues of respiratory allergies, including the links between asthma and hay fever and the related issue of preventing allergies in children. They also discuss the role of food allergies and allergens and review the common myths surrounding them. The most effective treatments, both drug-based and homeopathic, are analyzed and weighed against one another. Helpful Appendices offer a summary of the causes, symptoms, and possible treatments for hay fever as well as various sources for further information. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94664.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Track Listing: How-To Book, A Welcome To Orlando Completely Normal Last Thursday Almost Airtight Only Good Thing About Pollution, The Dancers And Acrobats In My Place Perfect Fool Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94663.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Description not available. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94662.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Two experts from the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis explain how to assess everyday health hazards, with tips on evaluating warnings and data in order to make informed, practical decisions about risks, in terms of such topics as cancer, hazardous waste, indoor air pollution, radiation, biological weapons, and more. Original. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94661.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 The National Book Award Finalist from a leading public-health expert, this is the unknown story of how environmental pollution has affected our health-past, present, and future. In When Smoke Ran Like Water , the world-renowned epidemiologist Devra Davis confronts the public triumphs and private failures of her lifelong battle against environmental pollution. She documents the shocking toll of a public-health disaster-300,000 deaths a year in the U.S. and Europe from the effects of pollution-and asks why we remain silent. For Davis, the issue is personal: Pollution is what killed many in her family and forced some of the others, survivors of the 1948 smog emergency in Donora, Pennsylvania, to live out their lives with impaired health. She describes that episode and also makes startling revelations about how the deaths from the London smog of 1952 were falsely attributed to influenza; how the oil companies and auto manufacturers fought for decades to keep lead in gasoline, while knowing it caused brain damage; and many other battles. When Smoke Ran Like Water makes a devastating case for change. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94660.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 What is El Nino and how does it affect the ocean? What is a riptide? Where does the salt in seawater come from? Are there mountains undersea? How many species of fish exist in the world? The lure of the ocean, for many, is impossible to ignore. Explorers comb the seas for answers to age-old questions on marine life, the landscape of the oceans, its ancient mysteries and myths -- and share their discoveries with us via shows and magazines that are quickly gaining in popularity. Is it the soul-calming sound of the waves pounding the shore that draws us in? The shrill call of the seabird? The magnificent, fierce storms that erupt, then dissipate, leaving us in awe? Or the excitement of the exploration? Everyone, from the budding oceanographer to the armchair explorer, will find themselves reeled in by The Handy Ocean Answer Book -- an easy-to-use, comprehensive resource on ocean behavior and myth. Its 1,000 questions and answers cover ancient oceans and early life; ocean-air interactions, including El Nino, currents, hurricanes and the gulf stream; shorelines and tides; ocean floors, slopes, shelves and quakes; islands and coral reefs; life on shore and in the air; marine animals, from surface to deep water; marine plants; global ocean conditions, including pollution, climates and natural hazards; tracking the oceans historically and with today`s technology; and the oceans as presented on television, movies and the general media. Handy Ocean also covers careers in oceanography, oceanographic institutions and Internet resources. Note than 150 photos and a 16-page color insert make Handy Ocean ideal for families, students and anyone answering to the call of the sea. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94659.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Description not available. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94658.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Description not available. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94657.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Description not available. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94656.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 A timely analysis of the state of America`s environmental health addresses some of our most pressing environmental concerns, including air and water pollution, energy consumption, global warming, the ozone layer, climate change, and species depletion, and outlines workable and reasonable solutions that can map a course to a sustainable future. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94655.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Description not available. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94654.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Description not available. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94653.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Examines the causes and effects of various types of air pollution, looks at the depletion of the ozone layer, and discusses the study and improvement of air quality. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94652.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Reveals the sources of such problems as airplane safety, global warming, and pollution, and examines what can be done by providing proposals for social reform and risk regulation. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94651.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 A standard reference for professionals in the aircraft engine industry, Aircraft Engines and Gas Turbines is unique in treating the engine as a complete system at increasing levels of sophistication. It covers all types of modern aircraft engines, including turbojets, turbofans, and turboprops, and also discusses hypersonic propulsion systems of the future. Performance is described in terms of the fluid-dynamic and thermodynamic limits on the behavior of the principal components: inlets, compressors, combustors, turbines, and nozzles. Environmental factors such as atmospheric pollution and noise are treated along with performance. This edition has been substantially revised to include more complete and up-to-date coverage of compressors, turbines, and combustion systems, and to introduce current research directions. The discussion of high-bypass turbofans has been expanded in keeping with their great commercial importance. Propulsion for supersonic transports is taken up in the current context. The chapter on hypersonic air-breathing engines has been expanded to reflect interest in the use of scramjets to power the National Aerospace Plane. The discussions of exhaust emissions, noise, and associated regulatory structures have been updated, and there are many corrections and clarifications. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94650.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Description not available. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94649.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Track Listing: Devils Haircut Sissyneck Readymade High 5 (Rock The Catskills) Ramshackle Hotwax Lord Only Knows New Pollution, The Derelict Novacane Jack-Ass Where It`s At Minus Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94648.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Allen Ginsberg (1926-1997), one of the major icons of the Beat Generation, was most famous for his landmark poem HOWL, published in 1956. However, it was THE FALL OF AMERICA that, nearly two decades later, in 1974, won Ginsberg a National Book Award, and sealed his reputation as a major American writer. Many of the poems in this collection are evocations of the American scene, from Christmas in California to the Chicago police state to Manhattan`s garbaged loves. Beginning with a series called Through the Vortex West Coast to East straight through to the final section, Bixby Canyon to Jessore Road, Ginsberg`s creative drive leads him on an odyssey chronicled in his always distinctive voice: a blend of stream-of-consciousness, brutal juxtaposition, political invective, and arresting images that are sometimes right-on (reptilian trucks on Jersey roads) and often surprisingly lovely (plane roars toward Montauk/stretched in red sunset). We can picture Ginsberg ambling around a New England town recording what he sees in a staccato shorthand (houses gabled sunny afternoon/Ivy library porch), or flying coast-to-coast observing the discolored metallic pollution of Lake Erie (but also flowers in clouds); we see him spewing out the homoerotic violence of the many-leveled Please Master, or building monuments to dead friends like Jack Kerouac and Neal Cassady, or recording the graffiti in the men`s room at the Syracuse airport. And then he ends, unexpectedly, with a poem set in India, an outraged protest against war, corporate guilt, and the indifference of governments to the plight of the poor, that concludes with images of homelessness, hunger, and dying children. Always conscious of Walt Whitman (to whom he dedicates the book) looking over his shoulder, Ginsberg himself is a true American voice: satirical, scornful, angry, but always memorable, always himself, always with something important to say about the complex, ugly, glorious world we live in. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94647.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 The only popular study guide available on environmental science This new Wiley Self-Teaching Guide introduces learners to all the basics of environmental science, from air pollution to the water cycle, covering both natural systems and human impacts on the environment. Using quick quizzes and self-tests to reinforce key concepts, Environmental Science walks students through this interdisciplinary topic with clarity and thoroughness. With 125 photographs and illustrations, this book is a unique and valuable resource for anyone interested in learning more about-and in preserving-our green home. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94646.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Description not available. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94645.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Description not available. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94644.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 By presenting a history of global warming, air pollution, endangered species, and other environmentally related topics, a title in a new series helps readers understand how these topics are linked to our economy, health, and government policy. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94643.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Electrical, electronic and programmable electronic systems, such as emergency shut down systems and railway signalling systems, increasingly carry out safety functions to guard workers and the public against injury or death and the environment against pollution. The international standard IEC 61508 has been developed as a generic standard that applies to all these systems irrespective of their application. IEC 61508 is seen by many professionals as complex. This book overcomes that complexity by introducing the standard in the context of safety in general before moving on to provide practical advice about implementing it and obtaining certification. It also explains how IEC 61508 relates to second tier standards and related guidance, such as IEC 61511, 61513, UKOOA, ISA S84.01 and DIN standards, among others. Throughout the text, the authors illustrate their explanations with examples to which the answers are supplied in the appendix. Four case studies with further exercises set the information in context. Templates and checklists for drawing up your own implementation plan and information on self-certification are also provided. As Functional Safety, the standard, is applicable to many industries, Functional Safety , the book, in its previous edition has proved to be an invaluable reference for professionals from a variety of industries, such as project/instrumentation/design/control engineers as well as safety professionals in oil and gas, chemical, rail, power generation, nuclear, aircraft, and automotive industries. The new edition includes a new chapter on IEC 61511, the process sector standard, published since the first edition. The text has been updated throughout in light of the authors recent experience and two case studies have been added. Dr. David J Smith , BSc, PhD, CEng, FIEE, HonFSaRS, FIQA, MIGasE, has been directly concerned with reliability, safety and software quality for 30 years. He has written a number Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94642.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Description not available. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94641.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Revised and Expanded Third Edition! ADD MAXIMUM PRECISION TO YOUR CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROBLEM SOLVING! If solving chemical engineering problems quickly and accurately is key to your work, here`s an invaluable info-packed resource: McGraw-Hill`s Handbook of Chemical Engineering Calculations. Fully revised and expanded, this Third Edition delivers step-by-step procedures for performing a wide array of chemical engineering calculations -- along with fully worked-out examples that help you avoid costly errors. With practical techniques that help you solve problems manually, or by setting up computer-based procedures, this authoritative guide features new sections covering: * Biotechnology * Water pollution control * Chemical process plant cost engineering And revised and updated sections on: * Physical and chemical properties * Stoichiometry * Chemical equilibrium * Reaction kinetics and reactor design * Flow of fluids and solids * Heat transfer * Distillation * Crystallization * Absorption and stripping * Filtration * Liquid agitation * Size reduction * Air pollution control * And much, much more! An indispensable tool for chemical engineers, this handbook will minimize your effort ? and maximize your output! Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94640.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Second Edition provides a rigorous and comprehensive treatment of the chemistry of the atmosphere ? including aerosols and air pollution, their interaction, the effects of gases and particles, and mathematical chemical/transport models of the atmosphere. Each chapter develops the central results from fundamental principles, which gives the reader an understanding of the underlying science. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94639.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Twenty-one chapters covering Cost and Benefits of Environmental Policy, Environmental Analysis, Policy Analysis, US Policy (Air Pollution, Toxic Wastes, State and Local Issues), and International Environmental Issues. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94638.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Extensively revised and updated with a more modern flavor and a new, two-color design, this sixth edition deals with principles and techniques of quantitative analysis. Examples of analytical techniques are drawn from such areas as life sciences, clinical chemistry, air and water pollution, and industrial analyses. New to this edition: Excel spreadsheets on CD-ROM * New chapters on good laboratory practice, as well as genomics and proteomics * A more modern flavor. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94637.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 KEY BENEFIT : The first edition of Environment: The Science behind the Stories made the biggest splash of any new entry in environmental science over the past thirty years. The newly revised Second Edition retains all the popular features of this landmark first edition?including its integrated central case study approach, and focus on current data and critical thinking?while new instructor resources make it easier than ever to give dynamic lectures. Foundations of Environmental Science: An Introduction to Environmental Science, Environmental Ethics and Economics: Values and Choices, Environmental Policy: Decision-Making and Problem-Solving, From Chemistry to Energy to Life, Evolution, Biodiversity, and Population Ecology, Species Interactions and Community Ecology , Environmental Systems and Ecosystem Ecology. Environmental Issues and the Search For Solutions: Human Population Growth, Agriculture, Soils, and Soil Conservation, Agriculture, Biotechnology, and the Future of Food, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Resource Management, Forestry, Land Use, and Protected Areas, Urbanization and Creating Livable Cities, Toxicology and Environmental Health, Freshwater Resources: Natural Systems, Human Impact, and Conservation, Marine Resources: Natural Systems, Human Impact, and Conservation, Atmospheric Science and Air Pollution, Global Climate Change, Fossil Fuels: Energy and Impacts, Conventional Energy Alternatives: Hydropower, Biomass, and Nuclear Energy, New Renewable Energy Alternatives, Waste Management, Sustainable Solutions. For all readers interested in environmental science and its issues. Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94636.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94635.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Track Listing: Nonscience Danser, (Je N'arrive Pas A) De Pauvres Riches Teste Ta Comprehension Pas D'armure - (featuring Dose One/Hi-Tekk Le Receleur) Reconstitution Subway Pollutions - (featuring La Caution) Soudaine Montee D'adrenaline Dans L'eloge - (featuring James Delleck) Toi-Meme En Soulevant Le Couvercle - (featuring Yarah Bravo) Elementaire Copyright (C) Muze Inc. 2005. For personal use only. All rights reserved. http://www.myebike.biz/blog/readid/94634.html http://www.myebike.biz/blog/ Thu, 17 Jul 08 21:36:22 -0500 Clouds play a critical role in the earth`s climate, the general atmospheric circulation, and